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<title>Svan language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Svan language</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Svan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightgreen;"><span title="Svan-language text"><span lang="sva">ლუშნუ ნინ</span></span> <i>Lušnu nin</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa">[ˈɫuʃnu<span class="wrap"> </span>nin]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a><br><a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">14,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>

<b>Svan</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sva" class="extiw external" title="iso639-3:sva">sva</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/svan1243">svan1243</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3042">Svan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Svan is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <i><a href="Atlas_of_the_World's_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i></span></div></div></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">

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<p><b>Svan</b> (<span title="Svan-language text"><span lang="sva">ლუშნუ ნინ</span></span> <i>lušnu nin</i>; <a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">სვანური ენა</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">svanuri ena</span>) is a <a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> language spoken in the western <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> region of <a href="Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> primarily by the <a href="Svans" title="Svans">Svan people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its speakers variously estimated to be between 30,000 and 80,000, the <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designates Svan as a "definitely <a href="Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of particular interest because it has retained many features that have been lost in the other Kartvelian languages.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_features">Familial features</h3></div>

<p>Like all languages of the Caucasian language family, Svan has a large number of consonants. It has agreement between subject and object, and a <a href="Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split-ergative</a> <a href="Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic system</a>. Verbs are marked for <a href="Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> and <a href="Kartvelian_languages#Verb" title="Kartvelian languages">"version"</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_features">Distinguishing features</h3></div>

<p>Svan retains the <a href="Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless aspirated uvular plosive</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/qʰ/</span>, and the glides <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. It has a larger vowel inventory than Georgian; the Upper Bal dialect of Svan has the most vowels of any South-Caucasian language, having both long and short versions of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>æ<span class="wrap"> </span>ø<span class="wrap"> </span>y/</span> plus <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə<span class="wrap"> </span>eː/</span>, a total of 18 vowels (Georgian, by contrast, has just five).

</p><p>Its morphology is less regular than that of the other three sister languages, and there are notable differences in <a href="Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div>

<p>Svan is the native language of fewer than 30,000 <a href="Svan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Svan people">Svans</a> (15,000 of whom are Upper Svan dialect speakers and 12,000 are Lower Svan), living in the mountains of <a href="Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>, i.e. in the districts of <a href="Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a> and <a href="Lentekhi" title="Lentekhi">Lentekhi</a> of Georgia, along the <a href="Enguri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Enguri River">Enguri</a>, <a href="Tskhenistsqali" title="Tskhenistsqali">Tskhenistsqali</a> and <a href="Kodori_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodori River">Kodori</a> rivers. Some Svan speakers live in the <a href="Kodori_Valley" title="Kodori Valley">Kodori Valley</a> of the de facto independent republic of <a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>. Although conditions there make it difficult to reliably establish their numbers, there are only an estimated 2,500 Svan individuals living there.<sup id="cite_ref-DoBeS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoBeS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The language is used in familiar and casual social communication. It has no written standard or official status.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most speakers also speak <a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. The language is considered endangered, as proficiency in it among young people is limited.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Svan is the most differentiated member of the four South-Caucasian languages and is believed to have split off in the <a href="2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> or earlier, about one thousand years before <a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> and <a href="Zan_languages" title="Zan languages">Zan</a> split from each other.

</p><p>Soviet ethnologist <a href="Evdokia_Kozhevnikova" title="Evdokia Kozhevnikova">Evdokia Kozhevnikova</a> extensively documented the Svan language during her fieldwork in <a href="Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> in the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div>

<p>The Svan language is divided into the following dialects and subdialects:

</p>

<ul><li>Upper Svan (about 15,000 speakers)

<ul><li>Upper Bal: <a href="Ushguli" title="Ushguli">Ushguli</a>, Kala, Ipar, Mulakh, <a href="Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a>, Lenzer, Latal.</li>

<li>Lower Bal: Becho, Tskhumar, Etser, Par, Chubekh, Lakham.</li></ul></li>

<li>Lower Svan (about 12,000 speakers)

<ul><li>Lashkhian: Lashkh.</li>

<li>Lentekhian: <a href="Lentekhi" title="Lentekhi">Lentekhi</a>, Kheled, Khopur, Rtskhmelur, Cholur</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div>

<p>The consonant inventory of Svan is more or less the same as that of <a href="Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a>. That is, compared to Modern Georgian, it also has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, but the labiodental fricative only appears as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> in the Ln dialect. Furthermore, the uvular consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q’/</span> are realized as affricates, i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q͡χ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q͡χʼ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Svan consonants

</caption>

</th>

<th><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

</th>

<td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> მ

</td>

<td>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> ნ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="3"><a href="Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a>

</th>

<th><small><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>

</th>

<td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> ბ

</td>

<td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> დ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> გ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small>

</th>

<td>p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/</span> ფ

</td>

<td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/</span> თ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/</span> ქ

</td>

<td>q <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">qʰ</a>/</span> ჴ

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small>

</th>

<td>ṗ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a>/</span> პ

</td>

<td>ṭ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</span> ტ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ḳ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>/</span> კ

</td>

<td>q̇ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>/</span> ყ

</td>

<td>ʔ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> ჸ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="3"><a href="Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a>

</th>

<th><small><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>ʒ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/</span> ძ

</td>

<td>ǯ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> ჯ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a>/</span> ც

</td>

<td>č <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>/</span> ჩ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>ċ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">t͡sʼ</a>/</span> წ

</td>

<td>čʼ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t͡ʃʼ</a>/</span> ჭ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>

</th>

<th><small><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>

</th>

<td>(v <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> ვ)

</td>

<td>z <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/</span> ზ

</td>

<td>ž <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/</span> ჟ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ɣ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>/</span> ღ

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><small><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> ს

</td>

<td>š <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> შ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>x <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/</span> ხ

</td>

<td>h <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> ჰ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>

</th>

<td>w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> უ̂

</td>

<td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> ლ

</td>

<td>y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> ჲ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> რ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div>

<p>The vowel inventory of Svan varies between different dialects. For instance, Proto-Svan phonemic long vowels occur in the Upper Bal, Cholur and Lashkh dialects, but have been lost in the Lentekh and Lower Bal dialects. Compared to Georgian, Svan also has a central or back unrounded high vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> (realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]~[ɨ]</span>), the low front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ/</span> (except for Lashkh) and the front rounded vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> (also except for Lashkh). The front rounded vowels are often realized as diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[we]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wi]</span> and are therefore sometimes not treated as separate phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</th>

<th colspan="4"><a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 85%;">unrounded</span>

</th>

<th colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 85%;">rounded</span>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;">short</span>

</th>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;">short</span>

</th>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;">short</span>

</th>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;">short</span>

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a>

</th>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span><br>ი<br>i

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span><br>უ̈, ჳი<br>ü

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span><br>უ<br>u

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><a href="Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a>

</th>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span><br>ე<br>e

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>ჷ<br>ə

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>/</span><br>ო̈, ჳე<br>ö

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span><br>ო<br>o

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/</span><br>ა̈<br>ä

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span><br>ა<br>a

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<li id="cite_note-fn1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h3></div>

<p>The alphabet, illustrated above, is similar to the <a href="Mingrelian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian alphabet">Mingrelian alphabet</a>, with a few additional letters otherwise obsolete in the <a href="Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian script</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>These are supplemented by diacritics on the vowels (the <a href="Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> for front vowels and <a href="Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> for length), though those are not normally written. The digraphs

</p>

<p>are used in the Lower Bal and Lentekh dialects, and occasionally in Upper Bal; these sounds do not occur in Lashkh dialect.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

<li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sva/">Svan</a> at <i><a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998. p 34</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTuite1991–1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Kevin_Tuite" title="Kevin Tuite">Tuite, Kevin</a> (1991–1996). "Svans". In Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of World Cultures</i>. Vol. VI. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall. p. 343. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8168-8840-X</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22492614">22492614</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1058.html">UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DoBeS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoBeS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/svan">DoBeS (<u>Do</u>kumentation <u>Be</u>drohter <u>S</u>prachen, Documentation of Endangered Languages)</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTuite2017" class="citation book cs1">Tuite, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/33702">"Language and emergent literacy in Svaneti"</a>. In Korkmaz, Ramazan; Doğan, Gürkan (eds.). <i>Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond</i>. Montréal: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">226–</span>243. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-32564-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMargiani2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Margiani, Ketevan (2023). "Texts in the Svan Language by Dina Kozhevnikova (Linguistic Analysis)". In Kvantidze, Gulnara; Khizanashvili, Manana (eds.). <i>Dina Kozhevnikova: Ethnographical Records</i> (in Georgian). Tbilisi: <a href="Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>. p. 82. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9941-9822-1-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTuite2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tuite, Kevin (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37393637">"The Svan language"</a>. <i>Manuscript</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/svan.htm">"Svan alphabet, language and prounciation"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-13</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPalmaitisGudjedjiani1986" class="citation book cs1">Palmaitis, Mykolas Letas; Gudjedjiani, Chato (1986). <i>Upper Svan: Grammar and texts</i>. Vilnius: Mokslas.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOniani2005" class="citation book cs1">Oniani, Aleksandre (2005). <i>Die swanische Sprache (Teil I: Phonologie, Morphonologie, Morphologie des Nomens; Teil II: Morphologie des Verbs, Verbal-nomen, Udeteroi)</i>. Translated by Fähnrich, Heinz. Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTuite1997" class="citation book cs1">Tuite, Kevin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webdepot.umontreal.ca/Usagers/tuitekj/MonDepotPublic/publications/2018-Svan-grammatical-sketch-Tuite.pdf"><i>Svan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Languages of the World, Materials, vol. 139. Munich: LINCOM-Europa. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3895861543</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/sva" class="extiw external" title="incubator:Wp/sva">Svan language test</a></b></i> of <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw external" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/armazi/armaziII/svan/svan.htm">Svan at TITUS database</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/ecling/ecling02.htm">ECLING - Svan</a> (includes audio/video samples).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/svan.htm">Svan alphabet and language</a> at Omniglot</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327222707/http://www.svanbib.eu/up/files/Svan_Youth_Literature_2013.pdf">Svan Youth literature in Svan language</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/svan1243">Svan DoReCo corpus</a> compiled by Jost Gippert. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/caucasica/svanica/gelvan.htm">Svan (Lashkh Dialect) recordings and audio samples</a>.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Georgian_language64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Screeve" title="Screeve">Screeve</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">Verb paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian grammar</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_keyboard" title="Georgian keyboard">Keyboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_numerals" title="Georgian numerals">Numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Romanization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Unicode

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Supplement" title="Georgian Supplement">Georgian Supplement</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Extended" title="Georgian Extended">Georgian Extended</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Mac OS Georgian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Kartvelian_language" title="Proto-Kartvelian language">Proto-Kartvelian language</a></li>

<li><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Georgian%E2%80%93Zan_language" title="Proto-Georgian–Zan language">Proto-Georgian–Zan</a></li>

<li><a href="Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adjaran_dialect" title="Adjaran dialect">Adjaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Zhani" title="Zhani">Zhani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghani_(letter)" title="Ghani (letter)">Ghani</a></li>

<li><a href="Shini" title="Shini">Shini</a></li>

<li><a href="Chini_(letter)" title="Chini (letter)">Chini</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsani" title="Tsani">Tsani</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzili" title="Dzili">Dzili</a></li>

<li><a href="Khani_(letter)" title="Khani (letter)">Khani</a></li>

<li><a href="Khari_(letter)" title="Khari (letter)">Khari</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian Wikipedia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Languages_of_Georgia224" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Languages_of_Georgia224" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"></a></span></span> <a href="Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhazian</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Languages_of_the_Caucasus541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Languages of the</a> <a href="Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus#Families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">South</a><br>(Kartvelian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karto-Zan_languages" title="Karto-Zan languages">Karto-Zan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br>(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andic_languages" title="Andic languages">Andic</a>

<li><a href="Akhvakh_language" title="Akhvakh language">Akhvakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagvalal_language" title="Bagvalal language">Bagvalal</a>–<a href="Tindi_language" title="Tindi language">Tindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Botlikh_language" title="Botlikh language">Botlikh</a>–<a href="Godoberi_language" title="Godoberi language">Godoberi</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamalal_language" title="Chamalal language">Chamalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Karata-Tukita_language" title="Karata-Tukita language">Karata</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dargin_languages" title="Dargin languages">Dargin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirag</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mehweb_language" title="Mehweb language">Mehweb</a></li>

<li>Gapshima</li>

<li>Muira</li>

<li><a href="Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudaqar</a>–Usisha–Butri</li>

<li><a href="North_Dargwa_language" title="North Dargwa language">North Dargwa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aqusha_dialect" title="Aqusha dialect">Aqusha</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Literary Dargwa</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Murego–Gubden</li>

<li><a href="Kadar_dialect" title="Kadar dialect">Kadar</a></li>

<li>Upper Mulebki</li>

<li><a href="Urakhi_dialect" title="Urakhi dialect">Urakhi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ashti–<a href="Kubachi_language" title="Kubachi language">Kubachi</a></li>

<li>Sanzhi–<a href="Itsari_language" title="Itsari language">Itsari</a></li>

<li>Amuzgi–Shiri</li>

<li>Sanakari–Chakhrizhi</li>

<li><a href="Southwestern_Dargwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Dargwa language">Southwestern Dargwa</a>

<ul><li>Sirhwa</li>

<li>Tanti</li>

<li>Upper Vurqni</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaitag–Shari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaitag_language" title="Kaitag language">Kaitag</a></li>

<li>Shari</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archi_language" title="Archi language">Archi</a></li>

<li>Samur

<ul><li>Eastern

<ul><li><a href="Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Southern

<ul><li><a href="Budukh_language" title="Budukh language">Budukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kryts_language" title="Kryts language">Kryts</a>

<li>Western

<ul><li><a href="Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nakh_languages" title="Nakh languages">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Vainakh_languages" title="Vainakh languages">Vainakh</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>

<li><a href="Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bezhta_language" title="Bezhta language">Bezhta</a>–<a href="Hunzib_language" title="Hunzib language">Hunzib</a>–<a href="Khwarshi_language" title="Khwarshi language">Khwarshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hinuq_language" title="Hinuq language">Hinukh</a>–<a href="Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khinalug_language" title="Khinalug language">Khinalug</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br>(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abazgi_languages" title="Abazgi languages">Abazgi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>

<li><a href="Chakobsa" title="Chakobsa">Chakobsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li>

<li><a href="Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Ubykh_language" title="Ubykh language">Ubykh</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br>European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Cimmerian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian language">Cimmerian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Alanic_language" title="Alanic language">Alanic</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Kilit_dialect" title="Kilit dialect">Kilit</a></i></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Middle_Armenian" title="Middle Armenian">Middle Armenian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic Greek</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Lomavren_language" title="Lomavren language">Lomavren</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_Neo-Aramaic" title="Northeastern Neo-Aramaic">Northeastern Neo-Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Suret" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Armazic_language" title="Armazic language">Armazic</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani Arabic</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li>

<li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Languages of Azerbaijan</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Georgia_articles765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li>

<li><a href="Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li>

<li><a href="Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li>

<li><a href="Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li>

<li><a href="Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li>

<li><a href="Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li>

<li><a href="Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li>

<li><a href="Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li>

<li><a href="Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbas_I's_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Borders</li>

<li><a href="List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li>

<li><a href="Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li>

<li><a href="National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li>

<li><a href="Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a>

<li><a href="Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li>

<li>Languages

<ul><li><small><a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li>

<li><small><a href="Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>

<li><a href="Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>

<ul><li><a href="Saint_George's_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AGeorgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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